#Eurasian geopolitics

• Akmolinsk — The historical official name formerly used for the current capital of Kazakhstan, the city of Astana; initially founded in eighteen thirty as a Russian military fortress outpost in the Kazakh steppe, it held this structural name throughout the Tsarist and early Soviet periods until nineteen sixty-one. This crucial railway and administrative hub was subsequently renamed Tselinograd during the Virgin Lands Campaign, then Akmola, Nur-Sultan, and once again Astana, reflecting through these toponymic shifts the geopolitical evolutions and identity dynamics of the Eurasian space.