#apomixis

• Agamodeme — A population of plants or organisms within which reproduction occurs predominantly or exclusively through asexual or apomictic methods (without fertilization). Structurally, an agamodeme consists of an assembly of closely related genetic clones that occupy a specific ecological niche and evolve independently of the gene flow characteristic of sexually reproducing populations.
• Agamospecies — A species of plants or lower organisms whose populations reproduce exclusively through asexual or apomictic pathways, completely eliminating the fertilization process and genetic recombination. Structurally, an agamospecies consists of a series of isolated clonal lines (biotypes) that evolve independently and maintain their morphological traits unchanged across generations in the absence of gene flow.
• Agamospermy — A form of apomixis in higher plants (spermatophytes) within which seeds form directly, without the fusion of male and female gametes. Structurally, the embryo originates from a diploid cell of the ovule (such as the nucellus or integument) or from an unfertilized egg cell, resulting in viable seeds that contain offspring genetically identical to the mother plant.
• Alchemilla hybrida — A species of perennial gemstone herbaceous plant in the genus Alchemilla (Rosaceae family), characterized by stems and petioles entirely covered with dense, erect, or spreading hairs, and lobed leaves with stipules often tinted pink-purple at the base. This plant structure is distributed across mountain and subalpine meadows of Central and Eastern Europe, heavily studied for its taxonomic complexity driven by apomictic reproduction.
• Ameiosis — A special type of aberrant or modified cell division in which classic meiosis is not completed or is entirely replaced, resulting in reproductive cells (gametophytes or spores) that retain the unchanged diploid chromosome number of the parent cell (without chromatic reduction). This structural phenomenon is closely linked to the process of apomixis in certain plant species, allowing asexual reproduction through genetically viable seeds.
• Apogamy — A biological phenomenon and type of asexual reproduction in plants (a form of apomixis) consisting of the development of a sporophyte directly from the vegetative cells of the gametophyte (such as synergids or antipodals), without gametic participation and without fertilization occurring. It represents a crucial anatomical mutation studied in angiosperm and pteridophyte evolution, allowing multiplication without genetic recombination.
• Apogeny — A rare form of asexual reproduction or embryonic development where offspring arise without a fertilization phase or genetic fusion, maintaining the maternal organism's characteristics unchanged; a particular type of apomixis. In cytogenetic studies, the term denotes the absence of functional gamete formation or fusion, dictating a strict structural stability of clonal lines.
• Apomeiosis — A modified type of cell division where the normal process of meiosis is partially or completely suppressed or fails, resulting in the formation of a gametophyte or embryo sac with an unchanged (diploid) chromosome number; the cytological pillar of apomixis. This phenomenon ensures clonal seed production in plants, eliminating standard genetic segregation and meiotic recombination.
• Apomixis — A biological phenomenon and mode of asexual reproduction in higher plants (angiosperms and pteridophytes) consisting of embryo formation and viable seed production directly from the ovule's maternal tissues, without gametic fusion and without fertilization occurring; natural seed cloning. It represents a major evolutionary strategy studied in phytogenetics for the integral preservation of the maternal genotype.