#civilization

• Achaean — Pertaining to the Achaeans, an ancient Hellenic population of the Bronze Age that dominated mainland Greece and founded the Mycenaean civilization; relating to or characteristic of their culture, language, or confederations. As a noun, it designates a member of this ancient Greek tribe, famous in Homeric epics for the siege of Troy.
• Anatolia — The large peninsula in southwestern Asia, constituting the major part of modern Turkey's territory, historically known also as Asia Minor. Bounded by the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea, Anatolia represents a geographic and historical region of fundamental geopolitical importance, acting as an ancient cradle of human civilizations where major cultures such as Hittite, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman intersected.
• Andean — Belonging to the Andes mountain range of South America, relating to this massive mountain region, its fauna, flora, or to the pre-Columbian populations and civilizations (such as the Inca Empire) that developed within its structural perimeter. In an ecological and geographical context, it defines the specific characteristics of high-altitude habitats across the states traversed by this cordillera.
• Ancient — Belonging to Antiquity, relating to the distant times of human history (especially to the period of the Greek and Roman civilizations); originating from ancient eras or bearing the stamp of great antiquity. In a cultural and aesthetic sense, the term describes vestiges, monuments, artworks, or literary traditions preserved over centuries, representing the classical foundation of modern civilization.
• The ancients — The people, nations, or authors who lived during Antiquity, particularly within the classical Greek and Roman civilizations. In a cultural and literary sense, the term denotes the ancient philosophers, writers, and scholars whose works, ideas, and aesthetic standards laid the foundations of modern Western culture and civilization.
• Anti-civilizational — Opposing civilization, cultural progress, or the fundamental values of modern society; destroying, perverting, or halting the technical, moral, and spiritual evolution of a human community. In a historical and philosophical sense, the term describes primitive actions, ideologies, or totalitarian regimes with a destructive impact on universal cultural heritage.
• Antiquity — An ancient historical epoch spanning from the advent of writing to the beginning of the Middle Ages, characterized by the flourishing of great civilizations in the Near East, Greece, and the Roman Empire; the quality of being ancient, antique, or valuable due to its age. In a concrete sense, the term designates an art object, a piece of furniture, or an archaeological remnant belonging to a distant historical period.
• The West — A term designating a major geographic, cultural, and geopolitical region of the world, broadly representing Western Europe and North America; in opposition to the Orient, it defines the Euro-Atlantic civilization space, structurally characterized by democratic values, a market economy, and cultural pluralism.
• Argar — A reference term denoting the Bronze Age culture of 'El Argar' in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula (approx. 2200–1550 BC), characterized by early complex social stratification, fortified hilltop settlements, advanced silver and bronze metallurgy, and distinctive burial rites in cists or urns beneath house floors.
• Argolida — A historical region and administrative unit (prefecture) in the eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula, Greece, recognized as one of the most important hubs of the Mycenaean civilization. In a structural-archaeological and geographical sense, Argolida encompasses monumental sites of universal importance, such as the fortified citadels of Mycenae and Tiryns, the legendary city of Argos, the ancient theater of Epidaurus, and is bordered to the south by the Argolic Gulf.
• Assyrian — 1. Belonging to ancient Assyria or its population, relating to this Mesopotamian empire; a feminine adjective describing a structural, cultural, or archaeological reality from that area. 2. The Assyrian language, an East Semitic dialect of the Akkadian language, spoken in antiquity and recorded with precision through cuneiform writing on clay tablets. This historical element represents a fundamental component in the study of Oriental studies and Near Eastern civilizations.
• Aztec — Belonging to the Aztecs, an indigenous people of the large Nahuatl family who dominated central Mexico in the 14th to 16th centuries and created a powerful empire later destroyed by Spanish conquistadors; relating to this people, their culture, language, religion, or remarkable pre-Columbian civilization.
• Bactrian — The feminine singular form of the adjective Bactrian; belonging to Bactria or originating from there. In zoological taxonomy, the term is constantly utilized within the phrase 'Bactrian camel' to distinguish the two-humped, long-furred Asian species from the single-humped Arabian dromedary adapted to hot desert climates.