#endoscopy

• Abdomenoscope — An archaic or historical name for the endoscope previously used for the direct examination of the abdominal cavity (a precursor to the modern laparoscope). In early clinical semiology, the introduction of the abdomenoscope allowed physicians to visually verify the somatic hypotheses of alienated patients, eliminating suspicions of real tumors in cases of severe hypochondriacal delusion or imaginary pregnancy (pseudocyesis).
• Abdominoscopy — An archaic or historical diagnostic method consisting of the direct visual examination of the abdominal cavity and internal organs using an abdomenoscope inserted through a small incision in the belly wall. In early neuropsychiatric semiology, performing an abdominoscopy served as a differential diagnostic tool to exclude real tumoral or inflammatory pathologies in alienated patients presenting with severe somatic fixations, persistent hypochondriacal delusions, or pseudocyesis phenomena (imaginary pregnancy).
• Aerocystoscopy — A method of direct visual endoscopic examination of the inside of the urinary bladder using an aerocystoscope, after the cavity has been mechanically distended by insufflating sterile air or another gas. This diagnostic or therapeutic procedure allows a meticulous inspection of the bladder mucosa and small surgical interventions without using a liquid medium.
• Aerouretroscope — A precision urological medical instrument used for the direct visual examination of the interior of the urethra, structurally designed to allow the controlled insufflation of air or gas to dilate the urinary lumen and facilitate mucosa visualization. This technical device enables the diagnosis of strictures, cysts, or other specific urethral pathologies.
• Amnioscopy — An endoscopic clinical diagnostic method that allows the direct visualization of the lower pole of the ovular sac, the membranes, and the appearance of the amniotic fluid through the cervix, utilizing a conical tube equipped with a light source. This investigation is used near the end of pregnancy to detect acute fetal distress by observing fluid color changes (such as the presence of meconium).
• Angioscopy — A minimally invasive medical imaging investigation method consisting of the direct and structural visualization of the interior of blood vessels (lumen and endothelium) using an angioscope introduced via catheterization. This well-defined clinical procedure allows surgeons and interventional cardiologists to inspect in real time the morphology of atheromatous plaques, the presence of microthrombi, or the integrity of intraoperative vascular sutures.
• Antroscope — An endoscopic medical instrument, rigid or flexible, equipped with an optical illumination and lenticular visualization system, used for the direct clinical examination and diagnosis of anatomical cavities, specifically the maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore); a precision optical device introduced through the nasal meatus to investigate the state of the sinus mucosa.
• Anoscope — A tubular, rigid medical instrument made of metal or sterile plastic, equipped with a local illumination system; it is used in the direct clinical examination of the anal canal and the lower rectum to identify hemorrhoids or fissures.
• Arthroscope — A high-precision rigid or flexible endoscopic medical device, equipped with a miniature optical lens system, a fiber-optic light source, and a high-performance video camera, designed to be inserted into a joint cavity through a microscopic incision. This surgical instrument allows orthopedic surgeons to directly examine, diagnose, and perform minimally invasive treatment on joint pathologies (such as meniscus or ligament tears), significantly reducing the patient's postoperative recovery time.