#language borrowing

• Adstratum — The totality of foreign linguistic elements introduced into a language and added to its structure after it has been fully formed as a distinct idiom. Distracted from substrate (the tongue of an assimilated indigenous population) and superstrate (the language of conquerors absorbed by locals), adstratum is driven by prolonged contacts, geographical proximity, historical-political ties, or cultural exchanges. Its components yield mostly quantitative changes, expanding the lexicon and affix inventories without altering the core grammar.
• Average — A term borrowed from English, used as a neologism in Romanian statistics, economics, computing, and business jargon to denote the mean value, arithmetic average, or the midpoint of a data set; as an adjective, it describes an element that falls within normal, ordinary, or mediocre limits, lacking exceptional or extreme features. In corporate environments, it is frequently used to evaluate performance or standardized metrics.