#retina

• Achromatopsic woman — The feminine form of the word 'acromatop'; it designates a woman or a girl suffering from achromatopsia, lacking the ability to perceive the chromatic spectrum. As an adjective, it agrees in gender and number with feminine nouns, describing an anatomical structure, a person, or a retina lacking the pigments required for color vision.
• Achromatopsic — Suffering from achromatopsia; characterized by the total inability to perceive and distinguish the colors of the visible spectrum, with the world being perceived exclusively in shades of gray, white, and black. As a noun, it designates a male individual diagnosed with this rare congenital condition, caused by a severe structural dysfunction of the cone photoreceptor cells in the retina.
• Achromatopsic female — The feminine form of the word 'acromatopsic'; it describes a female individual, an anatomical structure, or a clinical manifestation characterized by the loss or complete absence of color sensitivity. In a genetic context, identifying an achromatopsic woman usually indicates an autosomal recessive transmission of mutant CNGA3 or CNGB3 genes.
• Adaptometry — A clinical method of investigation and diagnosis used in ophthalmology to determine the eye's capacity (specifically the retina's) to adapt to variations in light and darkness. This medical procedure measures the absolute light sensitivity threshold of visual receptors over time, allowing the early identification of retinal disorders or hemeralopia (night blindness).
• Adaptometer — A laboratory apparatus used in ophthalmology and physiology to measure the speed and capacity of the eye to adapt to darkness or sudden variations in light intensity. The device projects precisely controlled light stimuli, enabling the determination of the retinal adaptation curve and the diagnosis of night blindness or other photoreceptor cell dysfunctions.
• Amaurosis — Complete loss of vision (blindness), temporary or permanent, occurring in one or both eyes, without apparent external structural lesions of the eye. Structurally, this serious clinical condition is caused by disorders affecting the retina, optic nerve, or cranial visual pathways.
• Angiofluorography — A high-precision imaging investigation method used in ophthalmology for the structural visualization and recording of blood circulation within the retinal and choroidal vessels, via the intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein). This well-defined clinical procedure is fundamental for diagnosing and monitoring diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and retinal vascular occlusions.
• Angioid — Resembling a blood vessel or a vascular network, having the appearance or structure of a circulatory channel. In medical and ophthalmic terminology, this structural descriptor is well-defined in the phrase 'angioid streaks', which denotes linear or branched ruptures of Bruch's membrane within the retina, visible on fundus examination as irregular lines mimicking the trajectory of blood vessels.
• Angioscotometry — A specialized ophthalmic clinical investigation method used for the precise measurement and mapping of angioscotomas, meaning the blind spots or the extended physiological scotoma (blind spot) caused by the projection of large blood vessels on the retinal surface. This structural perimetry technique helps in the early diagnosis and monitoring of conditions such as glaucoma or papilledema.
• Aniseikonia — A binocular visual condition or anomaly characterized by an inequality in the size or shape of the retinal images formed in each of the two eyes; an academic and orthographic variant of aniseikonia. Due to this size discrepancy, the brain faces major difficulties fusing the images into a single three-dimensional projection, leading to eyestrain, diplopia, or severe headaches.
• Autofundoscope — A specialized ophthalmological apparatus or instrument that allows a user or examiner to visualize, analyze, or photograph their own retina and ocular fundus without the direct assistance of a specialist. In modern medical technology, it often appears as a smart digital attachment for smartphones used in remote ocular screening.