#sociology concept

• Alienation — A fundamental theoretical concept in philosophy (Hegel, Marx) and sociology, representing the state or process through which a human being becomes estranged from themselves, from the products of their labor, from the society they live in, or from their own human nature. In an archaic medical and legal sense, the term is equivalent to mental alienation, describing the loss of intellectual faculties or insanity.
• Alterity — The quality or character of being another or something else; the condition of being different or distinct in relation to oneself or a reference group. In philosophy and anthropology, it represents the recognition and acceptance of the other's identity as a separate entity, conceptualizing the relationship between 'Self' and 'Other'.
• Authority — The legal right, power, or faculty to command, govern, issue binding acts, and enforce obedience within a social, political, or administrative framework. In a broader sense, it represents the prestige, legitimate influence, or moral and intellectual recognition enjoyed by a person, institution, or doctrine due to their competence, worth, or hierarchical position.