Encyclopedia of Structural Grammar and Linguistic Typologies

• Adverbial — Having the nature, value, or function of an adverb; resulting from the transformation or utilization of another part of speech as an adverb. In syntactic analysis, the term describes complex structures, locutions, or entire subordinate clauses that fulfill the role of a circumstantial modifier in relation to a governing element.
• Adversative — Expressing an opposition, contrast, or partial restriction between two syntactic elements, clauses, or coordinated textual units. In structural linguistics, the term classifies grammatical junctions or logical connectors that, without invalidating the first statement, introduce a corrective or restrictive nuance.
• Close to — A complex lexical linking structure used to express physical, temporal, abstract, or emotional proximity to an object, person, or numerical benchmark; it typically governs the accusative case in syntactic analysis, establishing a small geometric or chronological tolerance.