Principles of Plant and Animal Structural Genetics

• Anorthoploid — Presenting a numerical chromosomal anomaly in which the chromosome set is not an exact multiple of the basic haploid number; an organism, cell, or genome characterized by the presence or absence of some of the individual chromosomes from the normal genetic complement. In structural genetics, the anorthoploid state severely affects meiosis and usually leads to sterility due to the uneven distribution of genetic material in gametes.
• Autotetraploid — A polyploid organism or cell possessing four identical sets of chromosomes (4n), all derived through the multiplication or duplication of the base chromosome set of the same species, without interspecific hybridization. This structural genetic phenomenon, frequently encountered in the plant kingdom, often leads to plants with larger vegetative organs, bulkier flowers, and increased resistance to environmental factors.
• Autozygote — A zygote or diploid organism possessing identical alleles at a specific genetic locus, genes that have been inherited directly from a common ancestor through inbreeding or self-fertilization; an individual homozygous by direct descent (identity by descent).