#chemical engineering

• Refining — A complex industrial technological process consisting of removing impurities, trapped gases, or residual elements from raw materials to increase purity and homogeneity. It applies to clarifying molten glass, purifying metals (pig iron into steel), and refining raw sugar before bleaching.
• Alkalinization — The act of alkalinizing and its result; a chemical, industrial, or physiological process through which a medium increases its pH above the neutral value of 7. Alkalinization is widely utilized in wastewater treatment, in agriculture for correcting podzolic soils, and in medical detoxification protocols.
• Alkalization — The act of alkalizing and its result; a chemical, physiological, or industrial process through which the pH value of a medium is increased above the neutral threshold of 7. Alkalization is frequently used as a synonym for 'alkalinization', having essential applications in water treatment, the food industry (cocoa processing), and correcting acidic agricultural soils.
• Allothermic — Relating to processes, organisms, or systems: depending on an external source of heat to maintain its temperature, operation, or biochemical balance. In ecology and zoology, it is structurally correlated with poikilothermic (cold-blooded) organisms whose vital functions are dictated by ambient temperature; in industry, it defines a gas or chemical plant thermally supplied from the outside.
• Mixing — The act of mixing and its result; a physical, mechanical, or manual process through which multiple phases, substances, materials, or bodies are structurally combined to achieve a uniform distribution of components. In industrial applications, it represents an essential unit operation performed using mixers, agitators, or other specialized equipment.
• Ammoniacal — Containing ammonia, derived from ammonia, or exhibiting its specific chemical or olfactory traits. In laboratory language, it describes a solution, a mixture, or an atmosphere saturated with NH3 particles, usually presenting a strongly alkaline reaction.
• Ammoniation — The act of ammoniating and its result; a technological or industrial process through which gaseous or liquid ammonia is introduced into a chemical environment, solutions, or a solid substrate, aiming to modify its acidity, structural reactivity, or nitrogen content. In applied ecology, the term is sometimes used as a partial synonym for ammonification, describing the initial release phase of ammonia from residues.
• Anodic — Pertaining to the anode, relating to the anode, or occurring at the level of this positive electrode during an electrochemical process. In an industrial and technical sense, it describes reactions, corrosion phenomena, or protective surface treatments of metals (such as anodizing or passivation) that involve electron transport and oxidation at the anodic terminal.
• Pickling inhibitor — A chemical substance, mixture, or compound added to an acid pickling solution to slow down, limit, or prevent corrosive attack on the base metal, acting exclusively on surface oxides and impurities; a pickling inhibitor. As an adjective, it describes a product, treatment, or effect that protects the metallic structure during industrial chemical cleaning processes.
• Antifreeze — Preventing, impeding, or combating the freezing of liquids or the formation of ice on various surfaces; a chemical substance, additive (such as antifreeze), or technical system utilized to lower the freezing point of water or to protect installations during winter. In a structural sense, it describes protective heating circuits or compounds that maintain solution fluidity at sub-zero temperatures.
• Anti-icing fluid — A liquid chemical substance or special additive applied to exterior surfaces or added to fuels to prevent the formation and adhesion of ice; a fluid utilized in preventative ground de-icing procedures. In a structural sense, it acts by reducing surface tension and drastically lowering the freezing point of water.
• Antimonial — Containing antimony (stibium), relating to antimony, or obtained from this metalloid; a chemical preparation, alloy, or medicinal compound whose structure includes antimony. In the history of pharmacy, it describes specific remedies used as emetics (to induce vomiting) or as antiparasitic treatments in early veterinary and human medicine.
• Azeotrope — A liquid mixture consisting of two or more chemical components that boils at a constant and fixed temperature, maintaining its identical structural composition in both the liquid and vapor phases. Because the generated vapors have exactly the same proportions of substances as the liquid from which they originate, an azeotrope cannot be separated or purified by simple fractional distillation, behaving thermodynamically like a single pure compound and requiring special separation methods, such as extractive azeotropic distillation.
• Azeotropic — Pertaining to azeotropy, regarding an azeotrope, or presenting the characteristics of a constant boiling mixture. In industrial design and thermodynamics, it describes processes, phase equilibrium phenomena, or separation methods (such as azeotropic distillation) utilized to manipulate or purify complex liquid systems whose components boil without changing their structural composition.