#disease

• Albuminuric — Pertaining to albuminuria or characterized by the presence of albumin in the urine; a person suffering from a pathological excretion of proteins through the urinary tract. As an adjective, it describes clinical manifestations, biological samples, or treatments associated with this renal dysfunction.
• Albuminuria — A pathological condition manifested by the abnormal presence or excretion of albumin in the urine, serving as a major clinical indicator of damage to or increased permeability of the kidneys' filtering membrane (nephrotic syndrome, diabetic, or hypertensive nephropathy).
• Alcoholism — A pathological state and chronic disease caused by the repeated, abusive, and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages. It manifests through profound physical and psychological dependence, severe metabolic disruptions, progressive degradation of personality, cognitive impairment, and damage to vital organs, particularly the liver and central nervous system.
• Alcoolism — The standard Romanian spelling for alcoholism; a pathological state and chronic disease caused by the repeated, abusive, and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages. This condition manifests through profound physical and psychological dependence on ethanol, leading to metabolic alterations, progressive degradation of personality, and damage to vital organs, particularly the liver and nervous system.
• Allergosis — A general medical term used to designate any disease, chronic condition, or clinical manifestation of an allergic nature, structurally triggered by the body's hypersensitivity state upon contact with an allergen. It covers a wide range of pathologies such as respiratory allergoses (rhinitis), cutaneous allergoses (hives), or digestive ones.
• Alexia — An extremely rare specialized medical term used to describe the pathological inability or severe difficulty to read or understand written text, often conceptually correlated with alexia or agraphia; by extension, in some old psychopathology papers, the term indicates a focal neurological disorder resulting from a brain lesion in the left parietal or occipital lobe, affecting the symbolic processing of graphic signs without altering visual acuity.
• Aluminosis — A severe form of pneumoconiosis caused by the prolonged and chronic inhalation of fine aluminum dust or alumina particles within industrial work environments, manifested through progressive pulmonary fibrosis, coughing, and major respiratory difficulties.
• Alzheimer's — The name of a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease, representing the most common cause of dementia in older adults, clinically characterized by memory loss, severe cognitive decline, and behavioral changes; a medical eponym structurally named in honor of the German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer. This condition is pathologically marked by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in brain tissue, leading to neuronal destruction and cortical atrophy.
• Amoebic — Relating to amoebae, of the nature of amoebae, or caused by amoebae; a structural adjective describing biological processes (locomotion, movement), pathological manifestations (infections, abscesses), or parasitic species associated with protozoans of the class Rhizopoda.
• Amoebiasis — An infectious parasitic disease, endemic especially in tropical regions, caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica; it manifests clinically through severe intestinal ulcerations, muco-sanguinous diarrhea (amoebic dysentery), and poses a structural risk of generating secondary abscesses in the liver, lungs, or brain through systemic migration.
• Amyotrophic — Pertaining to amyotrophy or causing progressive loss of muscle mass; characterized by the atrophy of skeletal muscles due to denervation or a neurodegenerative disease. The term is most frequently utilized in clinical pathology to describe amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a severe condition that selectively destroys motor neurons, disrupting voluntary movement control.
• Anacrotism — A structural pathological anomaly of the arterial pulse, visible on a sphygmogram as a notch or a secondary wave on the ascending limb of the graphic curve. This clinical phenomenon is characteristic of tight aortic stenosis, indicating a slowing of blood ejection from the left ventricle due to the narrowing of the valvular orifice, which alters the normal dynamics of the arterial shock wave.
• Anaplasmosis — An infectious, non-contagious disease caused by gram-negative bacteria of the genus Anaplasma, primarily transmitted through tick bites (especially Ixodes). The condition affects both animals (notably ruminants and dogs) and humans (human granulocytic anaplasmosis). Clinically, it manifests structurally at the blood cell level (where the bacteria parasitize leukocytes or erythrocytes), causing high fever, chills, severe anemia, muscle aches, headache, and leukopenia.
• Pathology — A fundamental branch of medicine that deals with the study of macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular changes caused by diseases in the cells, tissues, and organs of the human body. This discipline plays a decisive role in the definitive diagnosis of tumors and inflammatory diseases through the interpretation of biopsies, surgical specimens, and cytological examinations.
• Ankylocoria — An ophthalmological condition characterized by the immobilization, stiffening, or fixation of the pupil in an abnormal shape or position, usually occurring due to the formation of tight adhesions (posterior or anterior synechiae) between the iris and the lens or cornea, preventing the normal pupillary reflex of contraction and dilation.
• Ankylostomiasis — A parasitic disease caused by the presence of nematode worms of the genus Ancylostoma in the small intestine. This condition manifests through severe gastrointestinal disturbances, digestive mucosal lesions, chronic microscopic bleeding, and a marked iron-deficiency anemia due to the hematophagous nature of the parasite.
• Andropathy — A general or rare medical term used to designate any disease, organic disorder, or pathology exclusively affecting the male reproductive and urogenital system or determined by severe imbalances of male androgen hormones.
• Adnexitis — An inflammatory medical condition, acute or chronic, localized at the level of the uterine adnexa, specifically the ovaries and fallopian tubes, most frequently caused by an ascending bacterial infection. This pathological phenomenon manifests clinically through intense lower abdominal pain, menstrual disorders, fever, and abnormal discharges, requiring prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent structural complications such as infertility.
• Angiocardiopathy — A generic term used clinically to denote any disease or pathology that simultaneously affects the heart and its associated vascular system. This structural concept encompasses a wide range of complex cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertensive disease with systemic involvements, or complex congenital malformations, which alter the correct functioning of the organism's hemodynamics.
• Angiokeratoma — A benign skin lesion histologically characterized by marked dilation of capillary vessels in the superficial dermis, accompanied by reactive hyperkeratosis (thickening of the horny layer) of the overlying epidermis. Clinically manifested as small, hard, red-purple or blackish papules, this structural formation can appear isolated, in localized clusters, or as a systemic manifestation in rare genetic metabolic disorders, such as Fabry disease.