#molecule

• To amirate — To graft or introduce an amylic or amira-type radical into the molecular structure of a complex organic compound; to subject a substrate to the amiration process in order to alter its physicochemical properties. This controlled structural transformation in a laboratory setting aims to adjust the solubility and thermal stability of synthetic polymers.
• Anabolite — A chemical substance, molecule, or organic compound directly resulting from a process of anabolism or used as a precursor in cellular biosynthesis reactions. It represents the structural building block used by the cell for energy storage or macromolecule formation, being the opposite of a catabolite.
• Alkyl — An obsolete technical term or rare spelling variant for the alkyl chemical radical; a monovalent, saturated, monatomic functional group derived formally from an alkane by removing one hydrogen atom (having the general formula CnH2n+1). It plays a fundamental role in the synthesis of organic compounds and in defining complex molecular structures.
• Fused systems — The plural form of the word 'anelată' or, in structural chemical taxonomy, a collective designation used to specify hydrocarbon molecules containing fused ring systems. In biology, it describes the totality of ring-like structures found in specific species.
• Anisomer — An asymmetric isomer or a compound substance formed by molecules whose segments or atomic groups do not present an equal ratio of geometric, structural, or molecular mass symmetry. As an adjective, it describes a state, chemical bond, or macromolecular process characterized by the inequality of components or polymeric segments, causing divergent physico-chemical properties.
• Antimolecule — A hypothetical or experimentally synthesized molecular formation in high-energy laboratories, structurally composed entirely of antiparticles (antiprotons, antineutrons, and positrons) bound by the same electromagnetic and nuclear forces as an ordinary molecule. Direct contact between a molecule and an antimolecule triggers an instantaneous process of quantum annihilation with a massive release of gamma photons.
• Anthracene — A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C14H10, structurally composed of three linearly fused benzene rings; a colorless, crystalline solid substance obtained from the distillation of coal tar, exhibiting an intense blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. This organic compound serves as a fundamental raw material in the chemical industry for the synthesis of alizarin, various anthracene dyes, and high-performance plastics or optical sensors.
• Armendin — A chemical substance or active compound utilized experimentally or in biopharmaceutical research for its specific structural properties. In medical and organic compound nomenclature, the term refers to a molecule isolated or synthesized in the laboratory, studied for its cellular interactions at the receptor level or as a potential therapeutic ingredient in preventive formulations.
• Arsenobenzene — An organic cyclic chemical compound containing a double bond between two arsenic atoms attached to phenyl groups, with the basic chemical formula C6H5As=AsC6H5. Its structural derivatives held a crucial historical importance in 20th-century medicine, forming the basis of the first effective synthetic antimicrobial treatments, such as Salvarsan used against syphilis.
• Asphaltenes — Complex, heavy, and highly aromatic molecular components present in crude oil, bitumen, and coal, insoluble in lower alkanes (such as n-heptane or n-pentane) but soluble in aromatic solvents like toluene or benzene. This chemical structural phenomenon plays a critical role in the oil industry, as their tendency to precipitate can clog pipelines and damage refining facilities.
• Atom — The smallest particle of a chemical element that retains all the chemical properties of that element, consisting of a central nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) surrounded by a cloud of electrons. In a historical philosophical sense, the term represented the indivisible and indestructible constituent element of the universe.
• Atomicity — The number of atoms making up a molecule of a chemical element, or the property of a substance being composed of a specific number of atoms. In computer science and concurrent programming, the term defines the property of an operation or code block to execute instantaneously and indivisibly relative to other threads, eliminating race conditions.
• Atomlysis — A rare conceptual term or neologism used in advanced spectroscopy and analytical chemistry to describe the process of complete splitting, dissociation, or decomposition of a molecule into its free constituent atoms, under the action of extreme heat, electric arcs, or high-power lasers. Unlike other chemical dissociations, atomlysis requires breaking all intramolecular bonds to bring the substance into a purely atomic state.
• Autofen — A specialized technical term or rare chemical neologism used to describe a self-stabilized phenolic derivative or an aromatic molecular group capable of structural self-association. In certain advanced industrial contexts, it can refer to an organic compound used as an internal stabilizer in polymerization processes, preventing premature degradation of hydrocarbon chains.
• Avogadro — The surname of the celebrated Italian physicist and chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856), globally recognized for his fundamental contributions to the development of molecular theory. In exact sciences, his name is directly associated with 'Avogadro's number' and 'Avogadro's law', essential constants and structural principles defining the proportions between gas volume and the number of molecules contained at a given pressure and temperature.