#urology

• Abasic — A medical term describing a person affected by abasia, characterized by the partial or total inability to walk or maintain an erect posture, despite muscular strength, sensation, and coordination of the limbs being completely preserved in the recumbent position. It is encountered in organic neurological conditions (frontal or cerebellar lesions, extrapyramidal syndromes) or in psychogenic conversion disorders (classical hysteria, presenting as astasia-abasia syndrome).
• Abasic (feminine) — The feminine form of the adjective abasic, used to describe a female patient, a disorder, or a clinical manifestation (such as a posture or a gait disturbance) characterized by the inability to walk, despite the preservation of muscle strength in the recumbent position. In medical literature, it is frequently used to qualify the psychogenic or organic nature of a motor dysfunction specific to female patients or an anatomical element.
• Abasia — A neurological and neuropsychiatric symptom characterized by the total or partial inability to walk, whereas muscular strength, coordination of movements in the recumbent position, and sensation in the legs remain completely intact. It can have an organic cause, linked to lesions of the frontal lobe, cerebellum, or vestibular pathways, or a functional (psychogenic) cause, encountered within conversion (dissociative) disorders, where it is frequently associated with astasia (the inability to stand).
• Abbado syndrome — Abbado syndrome (rarely mentioned in clinical literature) or clinical references associated with the name Abbado represent neurological signs correlated with extrapyramidal motor dysfunctions or cases documented in Italian medical genetics studies.
• To abduct — To perform a movement of abduction, consisting of moving a limb, a limb segment, or the eyeball away from the median axis of the body or a reference axis. In neurological and psychiatric semiology, the patient's capacity to abduct certain muscular segments is actively tested to evaluate the integrity of peripheral motor nerves, the frontal cerebral cortex, or to identify signs of catatonic or oppositionist muscular resistance (negativism).
• Abducere — The act or process of executing an abduction movement, consisting of moving a body segment or the eyeball away from the median axis. In neurological semiology and clinical psychiatry, the abduction dynamic is thoroughly evaluated to diagnose pyramidal pathway impairment, test motor reflexes, and identify rigidity in catatonic episodes.
• Abduction — The movement by which a limb, a limb segment, or the eyeball is moved away from the median axis of the body or a reference line. In neurological semiology, testing abduction (such as ocular abduction, performed by cranial nerve VI) is essential for locating brainstem lesions. In clinical psychiatry, resistance to passive abduction of the limbs is analyzed as a marker for waxy flexibility or catalepsy in catatonic syndromes.
• Archaic abduction — An archaic and etymological variant for the term 'abducție', previously used in Romanian medical literature to describe the movement of drawing a body segment or the eyeball away from the median axis. In old treatises on semiology and forensic expertise, this motor dynamic was analyzed to verify the integrity of peripheral nerve pathways or the presence of muscular rigidity specific to catatonic states.
• Abductor — An anatomical designation applied to any muscle or nerve that performs or coordinates the movement of abduction (moving a segment away from the body axis). In neuropsychiatric examination, the tone and strength of abductor segments (such as the abductor hallucis muscle or the lateral rectus muscle of the eye) are evaluated to diagnose myopathies, nerve paresis, or catatonic states of muscular resistance.
• Abducted — Adjectival form derived from the past participle of the verb 'abduce', describing a limb, a limb segment, or an organ (such as the eyeball) maintained or moved into a position of abduction (drawn away from the median axis of the body). In neuropsychiatric semiology, an abducted arm or finger position is clinically evaluated to identify spasticity, antalgic muscular contractures, or bizarre fixed postures (catalepsy) encountered in severe catatonic syndromes.
• Archaic alphabet letters — An archaic and regional plural form previously used in certain Transylvanian dialects to denote the letters of the alphabet, the primer, or the first elementary notions of a field. In early neurological semiology and historical clinical pedagogy, the term was applied metaphorically to evaluate the retention and recall abilities of patients suffering from mild cognitive impairments or post-traumatic amnesias, testing if they still remembered their 'abețe' (rudimentary knowledge).
• Dexterous / Skilful — The quality of an individual to demonstrate motor dexterity, fine coordination, and speed in executing complex physical or cognitive tasks. In neurological semiology and occupational medicine, the term evaluates the integrity of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts; an 'able' or 'skilful' patient presents intact reflexes, preserved praxia (the ability to execute coordinated intentional movements), and the absence of intentional tremor or ataxia.
• Acalculia — A clinical neurological or neuropsychological deficit characterized by the acquired loss of the ability to perform simple arithmetic operations or to understand fundamental mathematical concepts, typically occurring due to an organic brain injury (usually affecting the left parietal lobe). Unlike dyscalculia, which is a congenital developmental disorder, achalusia represents a cognitive impairment secondary to trauma, stroke, or neurodegenerative processes.
• Acanthesthesia — A form of paresthesia or subjective disturbance of tactile and painful sensitivity, characterized by a false, spontaneous, and unpleasant sensation of pinpricks or thorn-like pricks on the skin, occurring in the absence of any external mechanical stimulus. This neurological symptom is typically associated with damage to peripheral nerve fibers, being encountered in neuropathies, radiculopathies, or lesions of the sensory pathways in the spinal cord.
• Acatagraphia — A neuropsychological disorder characterized by an individual's pathological inability to write syntactically, structurally, and grammatically correct sentences or texts, whereas the ability to copy text, spell isolated words, and the motor function of the hand remain unaffected. It represents the graphic equivalent of acataphasia, caused by dysfunction in the higher cortical areas responsible for the symbolic organization of written language.
• Acrodynia — A complex clinical syndrome characterized by intense pain, erythema, swelling, paresthesia, and desquamation of the hands and feet, often accompanied by severe neuropsychiatric disorders and tachycardia due to mercury poisoning.
• Acrodystrophy — A chronic structural disorder characterized by altered trophism and progressive degeneration of the tissues in the body's extremities (hands, feet, digits), often manifesting as recurrent skin ulcerations.
• Acroesthesia — An abnormal and pathological increase in tactile, thermal, or painful sensitivity localized exclusively within the body's extremities, manifesting as exaggerated sensations triggered by minor stimuli.
• Achromatognosia — A rare neurological disorder (gnosic) characterized by the patient's inability to recognize, identify, or name colors, even though their peripheral visual system, retina, and optic nerve are structurally intact. This condition is usually caused by lesions located in the occipito-temporal cerebral cortex (associative visual area) and often manifests within visual agnosia.
• Achromaturia — A pathological clinical condition manifested by the emission of completely colorless or pale urine, lacking normal urinary pigments (such as urochrome and urobilin). This phenomenon may indicate extreme dilution in diabetes insipidus, a severe inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine in advanced renal failure, or a massive and sudden intake of fluids.