#finance

• Assignee — A person or entity in whose favor an assignment is made; the beneficiary of a payment order, a delegation of debt, or a legal transfer of property rights. In a historical and commercial context, it represented the merchant or creditor structurally authorized to collect a sum of money from a third-party debtor, based on an official document issued by the assignor.
• Assignation — A written payment order issued by an authority or a creditor, ordering the payment of a sum of money to a beneficiary; a legal act of structurally allocating funds. In economic history, the term also designates the paper money or bonds issued during the French Revolution (assignats), initially backed by nationalized church properties.
• Audit — A systematic, independent, and documented mission of verification, analysis, and evaluation of an organization's activities, processes, financial statements, or IT systems. Its purpose is to determine compliance with legal regulations, professional standards, and internal policies, culminating in the issuance of a formal report and recommendations.
• Auditor — A woman who attends a university course without being an officially enrolled student; a woman who is part of an audience listening to a speech, concert, or lecture. In a modern financial context, it designates a female professional authorized to conduct an audit.
• Auditor — A qualified person officially authorized to conduct an audit, meaning to examine, verify, and evaluate financial statements, operational processes, or technical systems of an organization. In a university context, the term designates a listener who attends courses without being enrolled as a regular student.
• To self-insure — To independently secure financial protection against potential risks, losses, or damages by creating and accumulating an internal reserve fund within the company or household, instead of purchasing an insurance policy from an external commercial company.
• Self-insurance — A risk management method whereby an individual or company assumes financial responsibility for potential losses by setting aside internal reserve funds instead of purchasing commercial insurance. In mountaineering, it denotes the action or system of ropes and carabiners used by a climber to anchor themselves.
• Self-insured — Having insured oneself. In economics, it describes an individual or company assuming their own financial risks via internal reserves. In mountaineering, it denotes a climber who is properly anchored to a fixed station using their own safety equipment, protected against accidental falls.
• To self-finance — To self-finance; to secure the funds, capital, and financial resources necessary for the operation, development, or execution of a project through one's own means (such as reinvested profit, savings, or direct revenues), without relying on bank credits, external loans, or government subsidies.
• Self-financing — A financing method for an enterprise's operations and investments carried out exclusively through its own generated financial resources (such as undistributed net profit, depreciation, or accumulated reserves). It represents the core of a firm's economic independence, offering protection against the costs of external borrowing and capital market risks.
• Self-funded — Regarding companies, projects, departments, or activities: self-financed, self-funded; securing its necessary funds fully or partially from its own revenues, without relying on subsidies, external credits, or financial assistance from a parent entity.
• Downstream — The part of a watercourse located in the direction of the current, toward the mouth (as opposed to amonte); (adverbially) in the direction of the water flow; (in economics and law) a written personal guarantee, usually on a bill of exchange or promissory note, whereby a person (avalist) binds themselves to pay the mentioned amount if the primary debtor fails to fulfill their obligation.
• Avalist — A physical or legal person who guarantees by signature (aval), on a bill of exchange or a promissory note, the payment of this credit title at maturity, becoming jointly and unconditionally liable alongside the guaranteed party.
• Female avalist — A female person or a legal entity (represented by a female) that guarantees by signature (aval), on a bill of exchange or a promissory note, the payment of this credit title at maturity, becoming jointly and unconditionally liable alongside the guaranteed party.
• To back a bill — To guarantee by signature (aval) the payment of a bill of exchange, a promissory note, or another commercial paper, assuming the obligation to pay the inscribed amount if the primary debtor fails to meet their duties at maturity.
• Backed by an aval — Having been guaranteed through the application of an aval signature; a promissory note, bill of exchange, or commercial paper for which a guarantor (avalist) has assumed joint and unconditional liability for payment in case of default by the primary debtor.
• Backed by an aval — The feminine form of 'avalizat'; having been secured or protected through the application of an aval; a bill of exchange or commercial obligation guaranteed by a jointly liable third party.
• Feminine avalist — The feminine form of avalizator; a woman or a legal entity (such as a corporation or bank) that guarantees the payment of a promissory note or bill of exchange by signing it. As an adjective, it describes an entity, clause, or action having the role, function, or property of granting an aval, securing the enforcement of commercial credit obligations.
• Avalist — A natural or legal person who guarantees the payment of a bill of exchange or promissory note by signing the instrument, acting as a guarantor for one of the liable parties. The avalist assumes joint and several liability, becoming directly responsible for settling the debt if the principal debtor or guaranteed endorser fails to meet payment obligations at maturity.
• Advance payment — A sum of money paid in advance out of a debt, a salary, within a sale-purchase agreement, or for executing a work, with the remainder of the payment to be settled later. Broadly, the term describes progress, headway, or a distance gained in time or space ahead of someone or something. In technology and mechanics, it refers to a kinematic or angular adjustment through which an action (such as ignition or feeding) occurs before the reference moment.