#inflammation

• Angiocarditis — An acute or chronic inflammatory disease that simultaneously affects the internal structures of the heart (endocardium, myocardium, or pericardium) and the walls of the associated great blood vessels. This structural pathological process, often infectious, immunological, or toxic in nature, alters normal hemodynamics and requires early diagnosis to prevent severe valvular or vascular complications.
• Angiocolecistitis — An acute or chronic inflammatory disease that simultaneously affects the gallbladder and the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary tracts (biliary vascular channels). This structural pathological process is most often caused by ascending bacterial infections, biliary stasis, or lithiasis, clinically manifesting as severe pain in the right hypochondrium, fever, chills, and jaundice.
• Angiocholitis — An acute or chronic inflammatory disease of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tracts, most often caused by an ascending bacterial infection on the background of biliary obstruction or stasis (caused by lithiasis, tumors, or stenoses). This structural pathological process affects the bile ducts, clinically generating severe manifestations known as Charcot's triad, characterized by high fever, right hypochondrium pain, and jaundice.
• Angiopancreatitis — A severe inflammatory disease of the pancreas, characterized by the early, massive, and destructive involvement of its arterial and venous vascular network. This well-defined structural pathological process associates local vascular thrombosis, endothelial alteration, and secondary ischemic necrosis of the glandular parenchyma, clinically leading to an acute progression toward acute hemorrhagic or necrotizing-hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
• Anorectitis — An acute or chronic inflammatory condition localized simultaneously within the mucosa of the anal canal and the rectum. In clinical pathology, this extended proctitis is frequently triggered by bacterial or viral infections (including sexually transmitted diseases), inflammatory bowel diseases (such as Crohn's disease), or local therapeutic radiation, manifesting through tenesmus, severe perineal pain, and muco-purulent or bloody discharges.
• Antibronchitic — Combating, preventing, or alleviating bronchitis; a medication, remedy, or active substance prescribed to reduce bronchial mucosa inflammation, fluidify secretions, and calm hypersecretory coughing. In a clinical sense, it includes a wide range of compounds, from specific antibiotics to expectorants, mucolytics, and phytotherapeutic extracts with respiratory tropism.
• Antiphlogistic — Reducing, combating, or preventing inflammation and its associated manifestations, such as edema, redness, or local pain; anti-inflammatory. In classical pharmacology, the term describes a substance or medicinal treatment designed to block pro-inflammatory biochemical cascades.
• Antinephritic — Combating, attenuating, or curing nephritis (kidney inflammation) or its associated painful symptoms; a pharmaceutical remedy, chemical compound, or herbal extract used to relieve renal colic. In a structural sense, it acts by reducing renal edema, soothing smooth muscle spasms in the urinary tract, and protecting the parenchyma.
• Antromastoiditis — An acute or chronic bacterial inflammatory and infectious condition affecting simultaneously the mucosa and bony structure of the mastoid antrum and the neighboring mastoid cells. It usually represents a severe complication of suppurative otitis media, clinically characterized by intense retroauricular pain, high fever, local erythema, and purulent discharge, requiring aggressive antibiotic treatment or surgical drainage.
• Antropyloritis — An acute or chronic inflammatory condition of the gastric mucosa, localized simultaneously within the gastric antrum and the pylorus. This specific form of distal gastritis is frequently triggered by chronic Helicobacter pylori infection or alkaline bile reflux, causing symptoms such as postprandial epigastric pain, nausea, bloating, and disruptions in normal gastric emptying.
• Aortitis — An acute or chronic inflammation of the aortic wall, triggered by bacterial infections (such as syphilis in classical forms) or systemic autoimmune processes (such as Takayasu arteritis). This condition damages the tunica media of the artery, weakening its structural resilience and promoting the occurrence of aneurysms or vascular occlusions.
• Appendicitis — An acute or chronic inflammation of the vermiform appendix, usually caused by a lumen obstruction due to the presence of fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia, or foreign bodies. This pathology represents one of the most common abdominal surgical emergencies, manifesting through intense pain in the right iliac fossa, nausea, and fever.
• Apical periodontitis — An acute or chronic inflammatory process localized at the level of the apex (tip) of a tooth root and the surrounding periapical tissues, usually caused by an untreated bacterial infection of the dental pulp (pulp necrosis). It manifests clinically through sharp pain during mastication or axial percussion.
• Apophysitis — A painful inflammatory or degenerative condition of the growth cartilage located at a bony apophysis, caused by repetitive microtraumas or excessive traction exerted by a tendon; apophyseal osteochondrosis. It frequently occurs during rapid growth periods in active children and adolescents, with classic examples being Osgood-Schlatter disease of the knee or Sever's disease of the heel.
• Aponeurositis — A painful inflammatory or degenerative condition of an aponeurosis, caused by excessive mechanical stress, repetitive microtraumas, or postural disorders; synonymous with aponeurositis. It frequently manifests on the sole of the foot as plantar aponeurozitis (plantar fasciitis), causing acute pain during walking and localized stiffness.
• Arachnoiditis — A progressive neurological disorder characterized by the chronic inflammation of the arachnoid mater, the middle meningeal membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This pathology leads to the development of scar tissue and fibrous adhesions that can trap and compress spinal nerve roots, causing severe chronic pain, numbness, muscle spasms, and motor impairments, often triggered by infections, spinal surgeries, or irritating chemical substances.
• Areolitis — An extremely rare medical term used in the past or in specific specialized clinical nomenclatures to designate inflammation of the breast areolar tissue or the circular zone surrounding the nipple. Structurally, it represents a localized form of superficial dermo-hypodermatitis that can secondarily extend toward the mammary gland.
• Arytenoiditis — An acute or chronic inflammatory process localized within one or both arytenoid cartilages or the mucosa covering them in the posterior region of the larynx. This structural condition, often infectious, traumatic, or induced by severe gastroesophageal reflux, manifests clinically through dysphonia (hoarseness), odynophagia (painful swallowing), and an annoying foreign body sensation in the throat.
• Arteriophlebitis — An acute or chronic inflammatory process that simultaneously affects an artery and its satellite vein, causing structural changes in the vascular walls and significantly increasing the risk of double thrombosis. This pathological correlation often manifests in the context of widespread local infections, severe trauma, or systemic autoimmune disorders.
• Arteritis — An acute or chronic inflammatory condition of the arterial walls, structurally caused by autoimmune processes, infections, or toxic factors, clinically manifested by the narrowing of the vascular lumen and reduction of blood supply to organs. The most well-known forms include giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) and Takayasu's arteritis, both requiring prompt diagnosis to prevent severe ischemic complications such as blindness or strokes.