#pathology

• Avitaminosis — A serious pathological state caused by the total lack or profound and prolonged deficiency of one or more vitamins in the organism, stemming from an unbalanced diet, intestinal malabsorption, or metabolic disorders. This structural condition disrupts vital biochemical cellular functions, leading to the onset of specific well-defined diseases, such as scurvy, pellagra, rickets, or beriberi.
• Axiphoidia — A rare anatomical condition or structural anomaly characterized by the congenital absence, incomplete development, or alignment anomaly of the xiphoid process, the lowermost terminal element of the sternum. This morphological feature can influence the delicate insertion of abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, requiring clinical monitoring if it causes respiratory or structural discomfort within the rib cage.
• Axonal — Pertaining to the axon, regarding the axon, or located at the level of the nerve cell's main extension. In pathology and clinical neurology, the term is utilized to describe cytoplasmic transport processes, traumatic injuries, or structural degenerations (such as axonal degeneration) affecting the integrity of nerve fibers, having a direct impact on the quality of electrical impulse conduction.
• Bacillary — Pertaining to bacilli, relating to them, or directly caused by a rod-shaped bacterium; presenting a cylindrical or elongated structural form. In medical pathology, the adjective describes lesions, infections, or systemic dysfunctions resulting from a bacterial invasion of this type, frequently used in clinical diagnoses such as dysentery or pneumonia.
• Bacillary — The feminine singular form of the adjective bacilar; pertaining to bacilli, relating to rod-shaped bacteria, or directly caused by them. In clinical semiology, the term qualifies anatomical structures, cellular cultures, or acute pathological conditions that present an elongated morphology or have a microorganism from the class Bacilli as their etiological agent, such as severe intestinal or pulmonary infections.
• Bacillemia — The pathological presence of bacilli in the circulating bloodstream; a severe systemic infectious state in which rod-shaped bacteria overcome local immune barriers and enter the blood, carrying the potential to disseminate infection throughout the body and trigger septic shock or a severe form of bacteremia.
• Bacillosis — A generic term used in medicine and pathology to denote any pathological condition, infection, or disease specifically caused by the multiplication and spread of bacilli within the body. This structural bacterial condition can affect both human and animal tissues (such as in certain apicultural or livestock pathologies), often requiring rapid therapeutic interventions with targeted antimicrobial agents.
• Bacilluria — The pathological presence of bacilli in the urine, detectable through microscopic analysis or bacteriological cultures (urine culture). This structural phenomenon usually indicates an active urinary tract infection, such as pyelonephritis or, in specific and severe cases, uro-genital tuberculosis caused by the elimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through the renal pathways.
• Bacteriocecidium — A gall or tumorous excrescence formed on plant organs (roots, stems, or leaves) as a defense and cellular hyperplasia reaction following infection with certain phytopathogenic bacteria, such as Agrobacterium species. These abnormal structures often serve as a protected environment where bacteria multiply, disrupting the normal circulation of sap.
• Bacteriocytosis — A pathological condition or biological phenomenon characterized by the abnormal presence, accumulation, or proliferation of bacteria within host cells. In a clinical context, bacteriocytosis describes the advanced stage of persistent intracellular bacterial infections, where the phagocytic capacity of the cells is overwhelmed, turning them into replication reservoirs.
• Bacteriology — A branch of microbiology concerned with the study of bacteria under morphological, physiological, genetic, and biochemical aspects, as well as identifying their role in pathology, agriculture, or industry. In medicine, clinical bacteriology is essential for establishing the etiological diagnosis of infectious diseases by isolating pathogens and determining their sensitivity to antimicrobial substances.
• Bacteriotoxemia — A severe pathological condition characterized by the presence and circulation of toxins produced by bacteria within the bloodstream, regardless of whether the bacteria themselves have disseminated or remained localized in a primary infectious focus. Clinically, bacteriotoxemia represents the pathophysiological driver behind diseases such as tetanus, diphtheria, or botulism, where devastating systemic effects are determined directly by the diffusion of bacterial toxins.
• Bacteriosis — A generic name given to infectious plant diseases caused by various species of phytopathogenic bacteria, manifested by necrotic spots, wilting, tumors, or rot of plant tissues. In an agronomic sense, a bacteriosis severely affects agricultural crops and fruit trees, transmitting rapidly through water, contaminated tools, or animal vectors, drastically reducing productivity.