#perennial herb

• Adenophora bulleyana — A species of perennial, herbaceous plants in the Campanulaceae family, endemic to the mountainous regions and meadows of southwestern China (particularly in Sichuan province). This plant is structurally recognized by its rich inflorescences, composed of bell-shaped blue or violet flowers and thick roots, being widely studied for its ornamental and ecological properties within alpine flora.
• Adenophora himalayana — A species of perennial, herbaceous plants in the Campanulaceae family, distributed across the Himalayan region (Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and southwestern China). This mountain plant is structurally characterized by slender stems, lanceolate leaves, and pendulous flowers in shades of pale blue or lavender, adapted to surviving in poor, well-drained soils at high altitudes.
• Adenophora potaninii — A species of perennial herbaceous plant native to the mountainous regions of China, belonging to the Campanulaceae family. The plant is structurally recognized for its elegant inflorescences in the form of long racemes, loaded with numerous deep blue-violet bell-shaped flowers, and for its ovate or lanceolate leaves, being named in honor of the Russian explorer and naturalist Grigory Potanin and widely used in rustic landscape designs.
• Adenostyles tomentosa — A species of perennial, herbaceous plants belonging to the Asteraceae family, native to the mountainous regions of Central and Southern Europe (particularly the Alps, Apennines, and Carpathians). This plant is structurally recognized by its large, cordate leaves covered on the underside with a dense, white-felty pubescence (tomentum), and by its purple capitula-type inflorescences, adapted to the humid climate of montane forests and alpine meadows.
• Anagallis tenella — The scientific name of a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Primulaceae (currently classified as Lysimachia tenella), native to Western and West-Central Europe, where it inhabits wet habitats such as bogs, fens, and stream banks. The plant is structurally characterized by extremely thin and delicate creeping stems, small rounded opposite leaves, and funnel-shaped flowers of a delicate pale pink with darker veins, serving as an important ecological indicator for water-saturated acidic soils.
• Arisaema — A major genus of herbaceous, perennial, and tuberous plants in the Araceae family, comprising over 250 species distributed primarily in tropical and temperate regions of Asia, as well as North America and East Africa. These plants are recognized by their unique spadix inflorescence, often enclosed by a decorative hood- or funnel-shaped spathe (resembling a cobra), and by their remarkable ability to change sex from year to year based on accumulated nutrients.
• Aristolochia clematitis — Scientific name for a toxic, perennial herbaceous plant species in the Aristolochiaceae family, commonly known as birthwort or European birthwort. The plant features cordate leaves and tubular yellow flowers with a characteristic shape, is widespread across Europe, and is historically recognized in traditional medicine, but is extremely dangerous due to aristolochic acid, which causes severe renal failure and urinary tract cancer.
• Armeria maritima — Scientific name for a popular species of perennial herbaceous plant in the Plumbaginaceae family, commonly known as thrift, sea thrift, or sea pink. This highly salinity-tolerant structural plant is native to maritime coasts across the Northern Hemisphere, forming compact grass-like tufts with erect stems bearing pink, white, or purple globose inflorescences, widely used as a border and rock garden ornamental.
• Arthropodium — A genus of perennial herbaceous plants in the family Asparagaceae (subfamily Lomandroideae), native primarily to the Southern Hemisphere, particularly Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Madagascar. These plants are structurally characterized by tuberous roots or short rhizomes, linear leaves, and delicate flowers arranged in panicle inflorescences, featuring stamen filaments covered with fine hairs, from which its etymological name derives.
• European wild ginger — The scientific name of a perennial herbaceous plant in the Aristolochiaceae family, commonly known as European wild ginger. The plant grows wild in shaded deciduous forests across Europe, featuring glossy kidney-shaped leaves and creeping rhizomes with a peppery scent, historically used in traditional medicine despite containing asarone, a substance with high toxic potential.
• Asphodelus albus — A species of perennial herbaceous plants in the genus Asphodelus, popularly known as the white asphodel. It is native to Central and Southern Europe, growing on alpine meadows, pastures, and limestone slopes. The plant develops a tall, unbranched stem that can reach up to 1.5 meters in height, terminating in a dense raceme of star-shaped white flowers, with each petal featuring a distinct brown or greenish median stripe.
• Aster — A common name for herbaceous plants in the Asteraceae family, characterized by flower heads with radiate marginal florets resembling stars; broadly, it includes various ornamental or wild species prized for their decorative blooming from late summer through autumn.