#defect

• Anencephalic — A medical term describing a fetus, newborn, or individual affected by anencephaly, a severe congenital malformation characterized by the partial or total absence of the brain, meninges, and skull bones. As an adjective, it refers to any biological structure or organism exhibiting this profound developmental defect of the anterior neural tube.
• Anencephalic — The feminine form of 'anencefal'; describing an organic structure, a pregnancy, or a female biological entity characterized by the total or partial congenital absence of the brain and cranial vault. The term is frequently utilized in medical imaging and obstetrics to qualify severe malformations detected during fetal morphology scans.
• Anencephalic — Pertaining to anencephaly or relating to this severe congenital malformation; characteristic of an organism partially or totally lacking a brain and the bony elements of the cranial vault. The term clinically, structurally, or pathologically describes the manifestations and tissues associated with this major neural tube defect.
• Anencephaly — An extremely severe, lethal congenital malformation characterized by the total or partial absence of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and cranial vault, caused by the failure of the anterior neuropore to close during embryogenesis (days 23-26). This major structural condition is incompatible with long-term survival, with most cases resulting in stillbirth or death shortly after birth.
• Amphibological — Presenting amphibology; characterized by syntactic ambiguity, equivocal expression, or an obscure structure allowing two or more completely different and often contradictory interpretations. This structural phenomenon usually occurs due to a faulty arrangement of words within the sentence, leaving the global meaning dependent on the context or subjective interpretation.
• Anisometropia — An ocular refractive error characterized by a significant difference in optical power between the two eyes. Clinically, this structural phenomenon manifests when one eye has a different focus than the other (for instance, one eye is myopic and the other is hyperopic or emmetropic), forcing the brain to process images of unequal size and clarity, which can lead to visual fatigue, strabismus, or amblyopia.
• Anisopia — Inequality of visual power or structural difference in light perception capacity and clarity between the two eyes; a state in which bilateral visual acuity is not identical. This clinical phenomenon can be caused by asymmetric refractive errors, retinal anomalies, or optic pathway disorders, preventing the achievement of perfect binocular fusion at the brain level.
• Anodontia — A rare congenital anomaly characterized by the total or partial absence of teeth, caused by the lack of tooth bud formation within the jawbones during intrauterine development. This structural defect affects both deciduous (baby) and permanent dentitions, causing severe disturbances in mastication, speech, and aesthetics, requiring complex prosthetic treatment.
• Anophthalmia — A severe and rare congenital anomaly characterized by the complete absence of one or both eyeballs, caused by the developmental arrest of the optic vesicles during the first weeks of intrauterine life. This structural lack of the eye results in reduced orbital and eyelid volume, frequently associated with genetic mutations or complex malformative syndromes.
• Anomalous — Exhibiting an anomaly, deviating from the norm, from the rule, or from natural laws of development; irregular, unusual, abnormal, or atypical. In medicine, it describes a malformed or asymmetric structure, organ, or function. In grammar, it refers to words (especially verbs) whose inflectional paradigms exhibit major deviations or structural irregularities compared to standard conjugation.
• Anomaly — A deviation from a norm, from a rule, or from natural laws of development; irregularity, strangeness, structural or functional non-conformity. In medicine, the term denotes a congenital malformation, anatomical asymmetry, or biological disruption present from birth. In astronomy, it represents a structural angle used to determine the exact position of a celestial body on its elliptical orbit relative to the periastron.
• Anonychia — A rare congenital anomaly or acquired pathological condition characterized by the complete absence of one or more nails from the fingers or toes. This structural defect stems from a developmental failure of the nail matrix during the fetal stage or its subsequent destruction due to severe trauma, infections, or systemic dermatological diseases, frequently serving as a clinical marker within complex genetic syndromes such as ectodermal dysplasia.
• Anoplasty — A reconstructive or plastic surgical intervention performed on the anus, designed to correct congenital malformations (such as imperforate anus), postoperative cicatricial stenoses, chronic recalcitrant fissures, or severe incontinence. The procedure involves structural remodeling of local cutaneous-mucosal tissues and restoring the normal anatomical functionality of the anal sphincter.
• Anoproctia — A rare pathological condition or congenital structural malformation characterized by the absence of a normal anal opening or by the abnormal fusion of the anal canal with the rectum, blocking digestive transit. In clinical terminology, the term is associated with anorectal imperforation and requires immediate surgical correction after birth to restore patency and physiological evacuation of meconium.
• Anopsia — A severe visual impairment or total or partial loss of vision, caused either by a structural lesion of the cerebral optical pathways or by the functional non-use of the eye during early development (as seen in strabismic amblyopia). In neurological semiology, the term describes well-defined visual field defects, such as hemianopsias or quadrantanopsias, resulting from the alteration of nerve impulse conduction to the visual cortex.
• Abnormality — The state, quality, or structural property of being abnormal; a clear deviation from the norm, from established rules, or from a physiological, anatomical, or psychological state considered healthy and typical. In a clinical context, the term designates the presence of a genetic anomaly, congenital malformation, or behavioral disorder that requires further investigation or treatment.
• Anostosis — A pathological condition or structural developmental anomaly characterized by the absence, cessation, or congenital defect in the formation and welding of the bony skeleton or a joint; a lack of the normal physiological process of ossification. In a narrow clinical sense, the term defines the structural failure of a fracture to heal or a massive delay in the fusion of the epiphyses with the diaphysis, affecting locomotor biomechanics.
• Anovulation — A major menstrual dysfunction consisting of the suspension or complete absence of ovulation during a menstrual cycle. Anovulation can be physiological (before puberty, during pregnancy, lactation, or menopause) or pathological, triggered by severe hormonal imbalances, intense psychological stress, drastic weight loss, thyroid disorders, or metabolic conditions (such as hyperprolactinemia).
• Aoria — A rare medical term used to describe the congenital absence, severe atrophy, or lack of structural development of the aorta, the primary artery of the human body. This extremely severe pathological phenomenon directly affects the systemic circulation and requires complex surgical intervention immediately after birth to ensure organism survival.
• Aortectasia — A pathological, abnormal, and permanent dilation of the lumen of the aorta, caused by the structural weakening of the elastic fibers within the arterial walls. This degenerative phenomenon is often associated with chronic hypertension or genetic connective tissue disorders, requiring strict imaging monitoring to prevent progression to aneurysm or dissection.