#urology

• Alalic — Pertaining to alalia, relating to alalia, or affected by this pathological language disorder; characterized by the structural or functional inability to speak and articulate words, although intellect, auditory function, and peripheral speech organs are fully intact. In clinical terms, it describes the specific symptomatology of a patient (usually a child) who cannot develop speech due to developmental dysfunctions or lesions within the higher cerebral nervous centers.
• Albuminorrhagia — The presence and quantitative concentration of albumin or total proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); a diagnostic test used in neurology, whose increased value (hyperalbuminorrhagia) indicates an impairment of the blood-brain barrier.
• Alexic — Pertaining to alexia, belonging to alexia, or affected by this neurological disorder; a person who has lost the ability to read and decode written language due to a cortical brain lesion. In medical semiology, the term characterizes the cognitive behavior or specific deficits within a complex aphasic syndrome, where the recognition of symbolic graphic signs is completely compromised.
• Alexic — The feminine form for alexic, designating a female patient or person affected by alexia (loss of reading ability due to a brain lesion); also, it describes a manifestation, disorder, or pathological state presenting the characteristics of alexia, marked by the impossibility of decoding written graphic signs.
• Alexia — A severe neurological disorder characterized by the total or partial loss of the ability to read and comprehend written language, caused by an acquired lesion in the brain structures involved in visual-linguistic processing (specifically in the left parietal or occipital lobe). Unlike illiteracy, the condition occurs in individuals who previously possessed the ability to read, and unlike dyslexia, it is an acquired condition rather than a developmental disorder.
• The alexias — The definite articulated feminine plural form of the noun alexia, designating collectively and specifically all the types, manifestations, or identified clinical cases of loss of the ability to read and comprehend written text due to a cortical brain lesion. In medical literature, the term individualizes the forms of word blindness studied within a specific patient group or nosological framework.
• Alexia — An extremely rare specialized medical term used to describe the pathological inability or severe difficulty to read or understand written text, often conceptually correlated with alexia or agraphia; by extension, in some old psychopathology papers, the term indicates a focal neurological disorder resulting from a brain lesion in the left parietal or occipital lobe, affecting the symbolic processing of graphic signs without altering visual acuity.
• Algic — Pertaining to pain; caused by or manifested through physical pain. In clinical semiology and neurology, the adjective characterizes syndromes, crises, somatic reactions, or pathological manifestations dominated by acute or chronic nociceptive phenomena.
• Algometry — A clinical method, diagnostic technique, or laboratory procedure used for the quantitative measurement and precise determination of an individual's pain sensitivity threshold. Performed using an algometer that applies calibrated stimuli, it enables the objective evaluation of nociception.
• Algometer — An apparatus, device, or medical instrument used in neurology, rheumatology, and experimental physiology to accurately measure a patient's pain sensitivity or tolerance threshold. The device operates by applying calibrated mechanical, thermal, or electrical stimuli onto a specific area of the body.
• Algoneurosis — A complex neurovegetative and rheumatological condition characterized by chronic and severe pain, local edema, progressive joint stiffness, and severe trophic or vasomotor disturbances of the limb extremities; algodystrophy. The illness is frequently triggered by trauma or fractures.
• Algoparesthesia — A complex neurological symptom characterized by the simultaneous association of a paresthesia (abnormal sensations such as numbness, tingling, or burning) with a distinct and persistent localized pain sensation. This clinical manifestation occurs due to injury, irritation, or compression of peripheral nerve fibers.
• Nociceptor — A specialized, branched free nerve ending responsible for receiving and transforming harmful stimuli (mechanical, extreme thermal, or chemical tissue damage) into painful electrical impulses transmitted to the brain; a nociceptor. These peripheral receptors are widely distributed across the skin and joints.
• Algospasm — A painful muscle spasm; an involuntary, sudden, violent, and persistent contraction of a muscle or muscle group, accompanied by an intense sensation of acute pain. In clinical practice, it describes severe nociceptive episodes associated with cramps or visceral colic.
• Allocheiria — A rare neurological disorder of sensory perception in which a tactile stimulus applied to one side of the body (usually a limb) is erroneously felt or localized by the patient at the symmetrical point on the opposite side. This structural phenomenon occurs most frequently following lesions of the right parietal lobe or in cases of hemispatial neglect syndrome, reflecting a dysfunction in brain somatic map processing.
• Allokinesia — A motor disorder of neurological origin consisting of the involuntary or reflex execution of a movement instead of the intended one, or the execution of a command by the symmetrical limb opposite to the one requested. This coordination dysfunction often occurs in hemineglect syndromes or following parietal lobe lesions, altering spatial perception and voluntary motor control.
• Allocheiria — A graphic and clinical variant of the term 'allocheiria'; it represents a neurological disorder of somatic sensitivity where a patient localizes a tactile, thermal, or painful stimulus on the opposite side of where it was actually applied. This structural phenomenon reflects a severe dysfunction in signal transmission and processing within the secondary somatosensory cortex or the parietal lobe, often associated with hemispatial neglect.
• Alloesthesia — A neurological disorder of sensory perception where a stimulus applied to a specific part of the body is structurally felt on the opposite side or in a completely different location than the actual one; this cortical or radicular dysfunction affects the correct localization of tactile or painful sensations.
• Allophasia — A language or speech disorder characterized by the utterance of incoherent, inappropriate words or phrases that are completely different from those the patient structurally intends to express. This pathological condition typically appears as a symptom in sensory aphasias, severe mental confusion states, or following focal lesions in the dominant cerebral hemispheres, disrupting communication coherence.
• Allokinesia — A neurological motility disorder characterized by the erroneous execution of a movement or by the involuntary moving of a limb in the opposite direction to that requested or intended by the patient. This structural motor dysfunction phenomenon is often associated with bilateral or unilateral frontal lobe lesions, basal ganglia dysfunction, or complex motor neglect syndromes.